Health Professionals Attitudes Towards The Promotion Of...

Health professionals’ attitudes towards the promotion of breastfeeding An analysis on attitudes of breastfeeding Paediatricians, nurses and lactation specialist are all health professionals who work with new mothers. As health professionals working in this field they have their own opinions and attitudes about new moms and the health advantages of a mother breastfeeding her child. Ultimately, the purpose of reading the article and writing this critique is to get acquainted with reviewing a research article, thus being able to recognize the quality of a study and understand the attitudes of health professional’s towards the promotion of breastfeeding. Some of the major areas addressed in the literary review are whether or not the health professional’s opinion on breastfeeding matters to the new mother. Breastfeeding is the feeding of babies or young children with milk from a female breast. The international breastfeeding journal recognizes breastfeeding as a very important public health issue with gigantic social and economic implications. The journal also reports that infants who do not receive breast milk are likely to experience poorer health outcomes than breastfed infants and that mothers who do not breastfeed increase their own health risks. The research shows that even though health professionals have a very important role in promoting breastfeeding, the evidence of research to prove it isn’t there in regards to the health professionals’ attitudes towardsShow MoreRelatedBreastfeeding For The Pediatric Population1360 Words   |  6 PagesAnalyzation regarding breastfeeding has demonstrated that breastfeeding initiation rates in the United States have increased to 79.2%, although the persistence of breastfeeding has continually lowered posing a risk to both the mother and the child. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2014). This decrease in continuation of breastfeeding may be primarily due to ineffective communication, poor education, and inadequate support. According to Williams, Young, Kearney, and Keogh (2013)Read MoreHealth Promotion in Realtion to a Midwife Essay2945 Words   |  12 PagesIn 1946 the World Health Organisation (WHO) defined health as â€Å"a state of complete physica l, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity†. This definition integrates the main concepts of health and identifies that health can be viewed differently by individuals and groups (Bowden, 2006). Health and well-being are the result of a combination of physical, social, intellectual and emotional factors (Dunkley, 2000a). The concept of health promotion has emerged withRead MoreTypes And Timing Of Breastfeeding Support And Its Impact On Mothers1593 Words   |  7 PagesACritique of â€Å"Types and timing of breastfeeding support and its impact on mothers’ behaviours† By Beth E Kervin, Lynn Kemp and Lisa Jackson Pulver â€Å"Types and timing of breastfeeding support and its impact on mothers’ behaviours†, a paper authored by Beth E Kervin, Lynn Kemp and Lisa Jackson Pulver, had the objective of determining the types and timing of breastfeeding support for mothers of newborn babies and the extent to which this affected breastfeeding intentions and behaviours in a regionRead MoreThe Hidden Truth about Breatfeeding or Formula690 Words   |  3 Pages â€Å"Rocket Science. Breastfeeding makes babies smarter.† The controversy of breastfeeding and the use is breast milk substitutes for infant formula has been going on for years now. In the past there has been facts proving that infant formula has caused illness and deaths worldwide. I see this type of strife on busses, billboards, and the social media. It has caught my attention to conduct a survey and see how many women breastfeed, to see the quantity of women that do care for. I have set up a surveyRead MorePerceptions of Breastfeeding Essay2489 Words   |  10 Pagesthe World Health Organization (2011) are that women exclusively breastfeed their infants for a minimum of the first six months of life followed by the introduction of safe complementary foods while continuing to breastfeed for as long as two years, or beyond. The benefits of breast milk are supported so extensively throughout the literature that the World Health Organization and the United Nations Internatio nal Children’s Emergency Fund have their mandate focused towards the promotion of breastfeedingRead MoreBreastfeeding And Society Essay examples2064 Words   |  9 PagesBritain has the iowest breastfeeding rate of ali countries in Europe; it is no longer the cuiturai norm in our society. Breastfeeding rates are affected by public attitude. This state of affairs is partiy because of societys views on breastfeeding mothers, even though breastfeeding is known to be the optimum method of infant feeding for the baby famiiy and society. Common themes in the literature and websites are the economic advantages of breastfeeding, the public health benefits and the socialRead MoreWhat Are the Opportunities and Challenges Facing Community Health Visiting at the Present Time Bearing in Mind the Changes in the Nhs?’1700 Words   |  7 PagesWhat are the opportunities and challenges facing Community Health Visiting at the present time bearing in mind the changes in the NHS?’ This essay discusses some of the oppertuities and challenges facing Health visitors today, It outlines changes, strategies and plans commisioned by the National Health Service (NHS), Department Of Health (DOH) and the Government to ensure families have a positive start. The aim is to strengthen the Health Visiting team and provide continued care using communicationRead MoreA Research Study On Breastfeeding3831 Words   |  16 PagesCase study: breastfeeding â€Å"Breast feeding rates in developed countries such as the UK, Australia and the US are typically lower than World Health Organisation goals† Parkinson (2010) 3. From a study carried out by Queensland university stressed the importance of not only the delivery of literature on how effective breastfeeding is for your babies health but that what was also needed to increase the number of breast feeders was to give personal support and explains social and environmental benefitsRead MoreAntenatal Care1849 Words   |  8 PagesAims of Antenatal Care: Introduction The World Health Organisation (2003) defines antenatal care as â€Å"care before birth†, and includes education, counselling, screening and treatment to monitor and to promote the well being of the mother and baby. According to Johnson and Taylor (2000) the aim of antenatal care is to assist women in remaining healthy, monitoring the progress of pregnancy in order to support normal fetal development and thus aid the health of the unborn. Antenatal care should also provideRead MoreThe Social Determinants Of Health3749 Words   |  15 PagesHealth Promotion is an important aspect among health and the wellbeing of individuals. In order to solve the challenges facing nutrition and food practice, health promotion is way to allow individuals and the community to increase and take control over their health. The concept of Health promotion examines the implications of food and health, ethics and diversity in food and nutrition. It is very meaningful to many individuals who lack suppo rt or facing challenges because it allows professionals

Where I Am I Now - 1501 Words

Where Am I Now? When I think about assessment I think about rubrics. Rubrics are an outline of what I aspect students to accomplish during the task at hand. When they complete the task, the students will receive a point value grade that reflects what they accomplish on the task. However, according to Craig Huhn (2005), â€Å"assessment means being keenly aware of what students know and understand, having sufficient evidence of this understanding, and offering a grade that accurately reflects this†. As a Family and Consumer Science teacher, mainly food courses, I found that I partially meet Huhn’s definition of assessment. In all my food labs, I use a rubric to grade the students. Each kitchen receives one lab rubric, five to six students in a kitchen, and I tend to grade them as a whole. It is very difficult to make sure I have sufficient evidence of understanding and accurately grade each and every student. At times, I feel that the â€Å"meaning of ‘points†™ has shifted students focus away from demonstrating what they have learned and toward collecting as many points as possible† (Huhn, 2005). At times I feel that students and I tend to lean more to â€Å"points† instead of making sure they can demonstrate what they learned. I would like to understand how I can have students fully recognize that the main goal is to walk out of the class knowing more than walking in to the class. Where Are We Going? Our goal is to logically create a valid and reliable assessment program for aShow MoreRelatedWhere Am I Now?1891 Words   |  8 Pages†¢ EQ #1: Where am I now? In many education systems, there are always some commonalities- regardless of the politics within that particular school setting. One significant commonality is through the grading system. The idea of assessing a student based on their value of knowledge and comprehension has been gradually overshadowed by the point values in general. We are teaching in a world today where students are more concerned with the amount of credit they are receiving for an assessment rather thanRead MoreRacial / Cultural Identity Development Model1212 Words   |  5 PagesI am a Hispanic woman who if I am honest have a lot of self hate for myself and my culture. â€Å"Internal racism has been the term used to describe the process by which persons of color absorb the racist messages that are omnipresent in our society and internalized them† (Sue, 2016). I grew up in a small border town where stereotypes are made. I never experienced much racism because we were the majority. However, looking at it n ow I have a lot of self hate, and I always identified as white growing upRead MoreLife Before to Life Now1208 Words   |  5 PagesLife Now Life Before To Life Now Michelle Porter PSY 202 November 8, 2010 LIFE Life Before To Life Now As I continue to reevaluate my life and all that I had dreamed and hoped for myself when I reach my mid thirties, I did not think I would be still in school trying to get an education. Reflecting back on my past experiences and decisions I made I would have done a lot of things different. Life seems to bring about maturity, perseverance and determination in people and I believeRead MoreLeadership Reflection811 Words   |  4 Pagespaper reflects on the following questions: What do you think is your passion? Why do you say this is your passion, as it may be manifested in your personality, personal history and lineage? --- As I was reflecting on this intently, I came across this online article from Harvard Business Review where Peter Drucker, one of the most influential people in the area of modern management, talked about the topic on managing oneself. And an excerpt from this article below quite interests me the most. Read MoreIs Home Valuable? Home?1623 Words   |  7 Pagesvaluable. Now it is quite interesting because home, in physical terms, is just a shelter to us so what is it that really makes home valuable? To me, home is so valuable because of the family within your home since you truly do not realize how important your family makes home, home until you leave them. About a month ago, I went from living with my family in a nice household into moving two hours away in a small dorm room and officially making this empty, unfamiliar new space my â€Å"home†. Now before I leftRead MoreThe Death Of The Yacht1521 Words   |  7 PagesApril 3rd, 1966- â€Å"As I depart from the New York Harbor in Vida the Yacht, I hear the screaming voices of the city becoming one mumbled echo; becoming a wall pushing my boat further and further away into the freedom of the sea. The disconcerting, explosive screams of a city enraged, shrieking, â€Å"make love not war† soon decrescendos into the calming, humming winds of the ocean. All that those people are rioting for, I have found. Peace. Just a few miles out from where they stand. If only everyone couldRead MoreMy Experience At A Retail Store Essay970 Words   |  4 Pages3. Your vision-hustle- the thing I need to say yes to is being optimistic. The future scares me so much I don’t step out of my comfort zone when it comes to my job. I figure since I am making money and I am able to go shopping freely and save for a vacation I am planning why fix something that is not broken. I am happy where I am with my job right now but I don’t think it’s where I want to be. Therefore, the side door I have not yet opened is applying to a retail job. A few towns over there is aRead MoreThe Rainbow Fish : Character Traits1315 Words   |  6 Pagesthink character traits are? (I am going to get out my anchor chart and refer to it.) In my own words, character traits are descriptive words or phrases that help us understand a character. Looking at what the character says, looks like, feels, and does can help us identify their character traits. While I am reading The Rainbow Fish, we are going to look out for different character traits, and I am going to write it these character traits on this chart right here. (I am going to get out my other chartRead MoreI Want For Attend Bryant University877 Words   |  4 PagesToday, I find myself as a junior at Bryant University. It was a journey to get to this point, attending two schools and multiple of classes spreading across various topics. In the past when I have looked at my future in regards to a career, there was a lot of unknown. I have changed that through the help of my families and professors, the most important people in my life. Each day my view of the future gets clearer and more confident. I choose to attend Bryant University because I knew of theirRead MoreReflection On Practicum Reflection1000 Words   |  4 PagesAs I write this reflection on Thanksgiving break I ponder my experience throughout this practicum and how thankful I am for this opportunity. Throughout this experience, it has put me out of my comfort zone. I learned at a summer conference that if you are comfortable in what you are doing you are not learning. Well, I have been extremely uncomfortable all while learning a plethora of new knowledge. This practicum has brought me new involvement in committees at our school and helped me in finding

Leveraging Behavioral Science To Mitigate â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: What Is The Concept Behind Cyber Security? What Is The Importance Of Cyber Security For Businesses? What Are The Various Challenges Of Cyber Security For Business? Answers: Introducation Cyber security is an advanced technology and processes that are specially designed for security of networks and computer programs for safeguarding them from any kind of unauthorised accessing. In recent times, the crimes related to cyber and digital world has enhanced a lot because of which many big business ventures have suffered a big loss. Therefore, various organisations have now taken security issues very seriously (Ericsson, 2010). They believe that with a number of avenues that can be profitable for business, there are greater chances of risks as well. The present report will make an effort to understand the significance of cyber security for protecting the data from any type of theft and unauthorised access (Wang and Lu, 2013). Besides this, certain objectives will be determined that can aid in focussing over major issues and challenges regarding the topic. In addition to this, the research will be based on secondary data collection process for gaining a thorough knowledge of selected topic. Project objectives The present research has been undertaken for addressing the latest issue related to Cyber security. With the help of this research, major issues that are faced by many big and small companies have been highlighted (Liu and et.al., 2012). Apart from this, several objectives will be made that can help in moving forward in right direction. Along with this, the objectives will also provide a structured form to entire research and assist in reaching at a concrete conclusion. Thus, the major objectives that have been set in present study are as follows: To develop an understanding about the cyber security To analyse the importance of cyber security for businesses To evaluate various challenges of cyber security for business Project scope The use of internet and online work has become an important part in business without which many tasks are not even possible to accomplish. Although, this has helped in making work a lot more easy, but with this comfort it also brings many troubles. Generally, those firms who use to share their networks through cloud computing face major issues related to cyber crimes. This increases the risk of data theft which can result into great losses for that organisation (Hahn and et.al., 2013). Therefore, current project has selected the topic related to cyber security which at present is the most significant subject to be discussed. Here, an attempt has been made to develop a detailed knowledge for entire topic along with various challenges that can be posed in business entities. Moreover, the mentioned topic has been selected as it is one of the latest issues at present which must be addressed to resolve serious issues of data theft. Understanding cyber security According to OConnell, (2012), the present era is composed of fierce competition in each sector where each small to big organisations are trying to get large share of market and substantial profits at any cost. In such scenario, the issues related to cyber crimes have also enhanced that increases the issues related to data security for business. However, it is crucial to make concrete arrangements for providing high end security to significant data of companies. The cyber security provides a developed process and technology which aids in protecting the data and networks from attacking and any kind of damage. As per Baumeister, (2010), the present corporate world has become developed where paper works are done less and all important data and information are saved in electronic form. As a result, the likelihood of data theft and system attacks has become more frequent. The magnitude of cyber security is greater than before due to the increase in the cyber violations of the business adm inistration that can be only alleviated with the aid of well-built cyber security Thus, with the advancement in technologies, risks related to business have also become more common that is imperative to be addressed properly with greater priority (Benzel, 2011). Therefore, it is crucial to establish cyber security for information system of companies that can deliver the basic level of security to significant data files. The Big data is widely used in many business enterprises for developing valuable strategies and providing enough security for data. Importance of cyber security The significant data and information are saved in databases of the organisation which are required to be protected by effective cyber security. In the views of Pfleeger and Caputo, (2012), the cyber security is significant for safeguarding all types of information saved in a system. There are some ways like social security numbers, passwords and codes that can be helpful in securing the information on a system. Besides this, it is advised that these passwords and codes must be changed on regular intervals for enhancing their security and reducing the chances of hacking or theft. Besides this, nowadays companies use to store their entire information on centralised system at one place. Therefore, it is important to protect this information system with high tech security as its unauthorised access may result into a major loss. Rowe, Lun and Ekstrom, (2011) state that the cyber security is not only a safe screen against cyber attacks, but it is also an improved way of protecting mobile d ata and cloud environment. In the atmosphere of greater risks to data and information, role of cyber security becomes considerably significant than ever. This also helps in ensuring security of data to employees so that they can work with greater interest. Challenges in cyber security for business It is apparent that cyber security is important for securing the data and information; many companies still see it as a mystery due to its versatile attributes. As per Sommestad, Ekstedt and Holm, (2013) there are a number of business ventures who are continuously working for the development of cyber security concept. Many of the multinational corporations have studied the concept of cyber security and have successfully understood the challenges regarding this. Thus, they recommend that these issues and challenges are necessary to be addressed on priority to make it more effective for business. The foremost issue in this regard is evident in the form of malwares. These malwares are malevolent software that can multiply the viruses in system and can crash entire processing. These malwares enter through mails and other similar programs because of which it is essential to have cyber securities with defenders and firewalls. Ericsson, (2010) says that another challenge is related to USB e ncryption where any external device attached with system increases the risk of transferring data from system to external device. So, it is essential to protect data by proper encryption for ensuring data security and safety. Similarly, other challenges in this regard are data loss, emergency response, protection against mobile device management. Among these, issue related to mobile device management is the latest one which requires effective security system. For ensuring safety in this regard, it is crucial to configure devices in an efficient way. Moreover, different issues faced at present by many business organisations advices to enhance the cyber security systems. According to Liu and et.al., (2012), there are different vendors and licensed firms that give protection against different malwares and other cyber related crimes. Among these, some of the chief vendors are Kaspersky Lab, Intel security, IBM security, Symantec etc. All of these challenges lay an emphasis that cyber sec urity must be enhanced by companies to take its most of the advantages. Research questions As per the objectives developed in previous section of this report, certain questions have also been framed. By framing these questions, major goal is to put entire study on a right track by moving forward towards the right direction (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault, 2015). Thus, primary questions are determined on the basis of hypotheses and some secondary questions have also been framed. Primary question H0: Cyber security is not significant for the business organisations. H1: Cyber security is significant for the business organisations. H0: The cyber security does not involve any challenge for business corporations. H1: The cyber security involves challenges for business corporations. Research design and methodology The research design is a way according to which entire research study is structured for developing a better understanding. This attempts for implementation of various research tools so that data collection and its analysis can be performed in a right way to get true results (Vaioleti, 2016). Research design: The above report has been presented in the basis of qualitative method of research. As per this, the entire study is based on observation method where established researches have been referred. The further studies have been made on descriptive type of research that explains entire concept of cyber security and its relevance in present time (Flick, 2015). Sampling: It is a procedure which is adopted to perform the study on particular number of subjects to get results in a structured form. Here, specific number of samples is referred so that study can be performed on them easily (Geerts, 2011). Here, it is evident that there are a number of organisations who provide cyber security to the system therefore, to get precise results, 3 major vendors have been selected for study purpose. These firms are Kaspersky Lab, Cisco and Symantec. Apart from this, the method of snowball sampling method has been adopted which aids in making a connection or link to link for further researches. Designing: The current research study has been accomplished as per the qualitative method of research (Miller and et.al., 2012). In this report, secondary data collection has been given a major preference where analysis is done in the way of thematic analysis. In addition to this, primary questions have been framed which are evaluated on the proving the hypotheses. Data collection: In above research, method of secondary data collection has been adopted for which various books, journals, research articles, company reports and online materials have been referred. On this basis, various concerned information has been included in the research (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault, 2015). Reliability and validity: The reliability and validity in a research report is an essential factor that must be maintained by researcher. The reliability is a constituent which makes sure that the performed study is able to generate consistent results each time when assessed by applying similar instrument and methods (Geerts, 2011). Thus, it gives a surety about entire study undertaken to make it more reliable. On other hand, the validity is an element of research which delivers authenticity to entire research. Thus, on the basis of these two factors, entire research can be taken as reliable and valid study. Limitations: It is very common to have certain limitations while performing a research study that makes the scope of performance limited. Same case has been faced while developing the current research as well. The foremost limitation is very broad range of topic cyber security which is very vast to be studied completely. Thus, the entire study has been made concise by addressing major points to be understood (Snyder, 2012). Apart from this, another limitation was concerned with sampling process in which 3 major companies have been selected. To attain the reports of these organisations for collecting relevant data and information was a complex task. In addition to this, to complete such a vast topic in allotted time period was also very challenging. Thus, the present research has some limitations mentioned above besides which entire study has been made with complete dedication. Time Schedule The overall activities and measures which will be undertaken to conduct the research are mentioned as under: Task Name Duration Start Finish Predecessors Business research 13 wks Thu 8/10/17 Wed 11/8/17 Evaluating market 1 wk Thu 8/10/17 Wed 8/16/17 identifying and defining the problem 1 wk Thu 8/17/17 Wed 8/23/17 2 Drafting aims and objectives 1 wk Thu 8/24/17 Wed 8/30/17 3 Anlysing and evaluating past researches 2 wks Thu 8/31/17 Wed 9/13/17 4 Choosing data collection method 1 wk Thu 8/31/17 Wed 9/6/17 4 Sampling 1 wk Thu 9/14/17 Wed 9/20/17 6,5 secondary data collection 2 wks Thu 9/21/17 Wed 10/4/17 7 Data analysis 1 wk Thu 10/5/17 Wed 10/11/17 8 Finding solution to research issues 1 wk Thu 10/12/17 Wed 10/18/17 9 Draft submission 1 wk Thu 10/19/17 Wed 10/25/17 10 Improving as per feedbacks 1 wk Thu 10/26/17 Wed 11/1/17 11 Final submission 1 wk Thu 11/2/17 Wed 11/8/17 12 References Baumeister, T., 2010. Literature review on smart grid cyber security. Collaborative Software Development Laboratory at the University of Hawaii. Benzel, T., 2011, December. The science of cyber security experimentation: the DETER project. In Proceedings of the 27th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference (pp. 137-148). ACM. Ericsson, G.N., 2010. Cyber security and power system communicationessential parts of a smart grid infrastructure. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 25(3), pp.1501-1507. Flick, U., 2015. Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. Geerts, G.L., 2011. A design science research methodology and its application to accounting information systems research. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 12(2), pp.142-151. Hahn, A. and et.al., 2013. Cyber-physical security testbeds: Architecture, application, and evaluation for smart grid. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 4(2), pp.847-855. Liu, J. and et.al., 2012. Cyber security and privacy issues in smart grids. IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, 14(4), pp.981-997. Miller, T. and et.al., 2012. Ethics in qualitative research. Sage. OConnell, M.E., 2012. Cyber security without cyber war. Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 17(2), pp.187-209. Pfleeger, S.L. and Caputo, D.D., 2012. Leveraging behavioral science to mitigate cyber security risk. Computers security, 31(4), pp.597-611. Rowe, D.C., Lunt, B.M. and Ekstrom, J.J., 2011, October. The role of cyber-security in information technology education. In Proceedings of the 2011 conference on Information technology education (pp. 113-122). ACM. Snyder, C., 2012. A case study of a case study: Analysis of a robust qualitative research methodology. The Qualitative Report, 17(13), pp.1. Sommestad, T., Ekstedt, M. and Holm, H., 2013. The cyber security modeling language: A tool for assessing the vulnerability of enterprise system architectures. IEEE Systems Journal, 7(3), pp.363-373. Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M., 2015. Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons. Vaioleti, T.M., 2016. Talanoa research methodology: A developing position on Pacific research. Waikato Journal of Education, 12(1). Wang, W. and Lu, Z., 2013. Cyber security in the Smart Grid: Survey and challenges. Computer Networks, 57(5), pp.1344-1371.

The Hijras free essay sample

In this paper, I explore the culture of the Hijras to learn how an outcast group that is looked down up on still has its role in traditional society. The Hijras are a transgender social group who are located amongst southern and mid-eastern Asia. They are a group of males who portray themselves as females in society and survive by engaging in begging and prostitution. They are also considered performers for special occasions in different societies. This group focuses on beliefs that are different from the beliefs of many other India cultures. Gender does not play a big role in their culture because they believe that there is no such thing as man or woman. Religion plays a major role in the construction of the Hijras, and it is one of the main reasons they still play a role in South Asian society. Even though they are looked down up on through out society, the Hijras are just one of many marginal groups in society that have unique social roles, and play a part in tradition society. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hijras or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Hijras acceptance with their feminine side makes them stand out from the rest of the social groups. The ancestors of past generations offered unique beliefs that set up the modern societies for the Hijras belief. The concept of making their ancestors proud carried on through our generations and it one of their religious beliefs. It was nothing but tradition that led the Hijras to making the decisions they did, and decisions that changed their views up on society. This was just a prime example of following tradition and sticking to the beliefs of their ancestors. Religion was one of the things that led them to their beliefs of gender. Religion plays a major role in the construction of the Hijras. Most Hijras are of Hindu faith. Their beliefs from the Hindu faith are that sex is the key to everything. Having sex was like a blessing to the Hijras. The Kama Sutras are an example of third nature, which is similar to the Hijras. These beliefs through out the Hindus society shows the their views of homosexuality was normal. The Hindu belief led to many dual-gendered figures. The Hijras believed that dual gender figures were more powerful than other identifications. They do not classify themselves as men or women, but a third-gender. They are also referred to as eunuchs, which means castrated men. They believe if they do not go through the castration process they are worthless, useless, or they don’t exist to society. Once they go through this procedure they are considered â€Å"True† Hijras. This operation is important because it gives they honorary right to be called a woman, or miss, or misses. This is a great achievement upon them because it makes them feel as if they’ve done something generation and generation have done before them. It makes them feel as if they are a part of a cult almost. Getting the recognition of becoming a Hijra does not come easy. There are many rituals and ceremonies that have to be performed before one becomes a true Hijra. Different tribes of HIjra groups, depending on their geographical location have different rituals. All of them however have a goal of making the ritual be â€Å"weird† to society. One of the rituals they perform is castration. This ritual is considered where the Hijra is reborn. This ritual is widely being spread through out India. In castration, the men are stripped of all their masculine traits. During the ritual, they are looked upon by elder Hijras as the upcoming generation. These young men are usually of the age of 10-14. They prepare this ritual as if it were a wedding. They have to make sure it’s the right time of year, climate, and day. The Hijras are more concerned about being recognized for what they do, rather than what they are. The importance of these tribes are very valuable to society even though most other cultural groups say otherwise. The data I conducted from the ethnography, which was â€Å"Neither man nor woman: The Hijras of India,† by Serena Nanda, was taken from a first hand point of view, which let me explore the culture more accurately than I ever imagined. The ethnography shared lives of Hijras and how they spent their daily lives. It shared their opinions on how they felt they were benefiting society, and how they adapted to society. Nanda used the observation and participant observation technique the most through out the essay because the main data for the research was coming from actual Hijras he met in India. Conversation is also a technique used, and also interviews. She was able to get questions answered from different Hijras, which also answered some of my questions I had on the Hijras. The main topic that was my concern was the role of marginal groups as the Hijras in societies today, and how they are portrayed through out Western Civilization, and even amongst their own societies. They are accepted by some, but are a social disturbance to most. As much as people want them to go away in their societies, they still manage to play a role in tradition society. They play roles in the celebration and entertainment of societies. It is more than being defined as a third gender, but as being recognized as a wonder group who made a difference in the world. The Hijras would show up to weddings, days of birth of a newborn, parties uninvited, or unannounced and blessing the people there by singing, dancing, and even drumming. They would sing poems that they wrote, and performs different religious dances. This gathering is not a celebration for the Hijras though. They are there to be recognized as a tribe within society. This is a way for them to share their beliefs with everyone, and let everyone see what they stand for. They also engage in these activities to show they mean no harm to society, and want to be known for good things rather than the sexual activates they engage. In return for showing up to these occasions and performing, the Hijras would ask for money from the audience, or anyone at the occasion. Another major role in society is when there is a marriage in the community. When Hijras find out there is a marriage ceremony being held, they will come to the grooms family and arrange a performance and day or two after. The performance is timed when the bride, groom, and their neighbors, friends, and family can join them at their home. The more audience, the more the Hijras would get in payment. The reason for the performance is to bless the couple getting married, and bless for a healthy fertility. If the bride asks them to bless them with a son it is more work for them, but it also means they will have a chance to perform again when the son is born. In the songs they sing, they include lines that encourage the thought of them having a son. In some celebrations, because of tradition, they are required to have Hijras attend, and do the same dances, and blessings they do every year. In example, some families have to make sure â€Å"real† Hijras come to their events and celebrations to ensure good luck, and for religious reasons. It would seem bad to have Hijras, who are emasculated men, who base their beliefs around sex, around a new born son, or a new born baby of any gender. But most people, who pay Hijras to perform at their celebrations, don’t think of Hijras that way at all. They are seen as vehicles of the divine power of Mother Goddess. They check the genitals of the infant and try to influence that this infant could be inter-sexed, which means neither man nor woman. The Hindu religion is very open to Hijras because Hijras are mainly Hindu and most of their audience is connected to them through religion. They even see them as higher figures that are closer to god. When marriages in the Hindu family are taking place, Hijras demand to perform and threaten to show up uninvited. Some Hindu families must have Hijras attend and perform to ensure a successful marriage. And in the Hindu culture, it works both ways because Hijras can bless an event, or family but can also curse and wish bad things up on them. Most Hindu families don’t act rudely towards them and are more open because they don’t want any curse places up on them or their family. The Hijras don’t just roam the areas of India; they play a role in many societies. Some people can’t stand their existence due to the fact that they modified their genitals but they are a harmless social group, who are religiously dedicated as we are. Their religion is what connects them with their society. They are beggars and prostitutes but even our culture as people we are not proud to include within. Serena Nanda was open-minded as she researched the Hijras and saw them to be just an outcast social group who mean well to other families. They have their place in society, and it encourages other social groups to not care what anyone says and to stick to what they believe in, which is exactly what the Hijras demonstrate. Citation List Patel, Amisha 2010 India’s Hijras: The Case For Transgender Rights† 42(4):853-863 http://nlcproxy.alamo.edu:2076/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=268c9a52-02e5-4a88-8c09-73a974d7d558%40sessionmgr13vid=8hid=25 Serena Nanda 1999 Neither Man Nor Woman: The Hijras of India. John Jay College of Criminal Justice. University of New York. Morris, Opler 1961 Further Comparative Notes on the Hijras of India. American Anthropologist. 63(6): 1331-1332 http://www.jstor.org/stable/666865